Class Diagram of Blog

        In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among objects.
Definition Of The Class Diagram
Class is a collection of objects with a common structure and common behavior, public relations, and semantic/common words. Class-class determined/found by way of checking objects in sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams. A class is represented as a square with three sections of the room. Class should be named using the noun corresponding to domain/section/group (Jeffery l. Whitten et al, 2004).
The Class Diagram is a diagram that shows the existing classes of a system and its relationship to logic. Class diagram describes the static structure of a system. Therefore the class diagram is the backbone or the strength of the Foundation of almost every object-oriented methods including UML (Henderi, 2008). While according to (Jeffery l. Whitten et al. 2004: 432) class diagram is a graphical picture of the structure of a static object system, indicating the classes of objects that make up a system and also the relationship between the object class.
Class diagrams are visual representations of the static structure and composition of a particular system using the conventions set by the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Out of all the UML diagram types it is one of the most used ones. System designers use class diagrams as a way of simplifying how objects in a system interact with each other. Using class diagrams, it is easier to describe all the classes, packages, and interfaces that constitute a system and how these components are interrelated. For example, a simple class diagram may be used to show how an organization such as a convenient store chain is set up. On the other hand, precisely detailed class diagrams can readily be used as the primary reference for translating the designed system into a programming code.
Component Class Diagram
1. Subsystem
While a package is a mechanism for organizing the common element-element models, subsystems describes a unit of behavior in physical systems.
2. Class
A class is the description for a set of objects with similar structure, behavior, and behavior/relationship/relation.
3. the Interface
An interface is to specify an externally-visible operations of a class, component, or other penggolong/classifier (including subsystems) without the specification of the internal structure.
4. Signal
Signal is one which describes the specification of asynchronous stimulus communicated between instances.
5. Exception
An Exception is a signal raised by behavior in a when an error occurs.
6. Port
Port is a structural one peng-class, which defines a difference that shows interactions between peng-class's and their environment or between (behavior) peng-class and its internal parts.
The class diagram is the main building block of object oriented modelling. It is used both for general conceptual modelling of the systematics of the application, and for detailed modelling translating the models into programming code. Class diagrams can also be used for data modeling.[1] The classes in a class diagram represent both the main objects, interactions in the application and the classes to be programmed.
Determine the class
A good way to find classes were started from watching the flow of events ( flow of events ) of a use case . Note the noun in the flow of events , may be one of the following four points .
1 . Actor
2 . class
3 . Attributes of the class
4 . Expression , not the actor , not a class , and not attributes .
By selecting the object in the flow of events , classes can be found in the system . Other alternatives , can test objects in sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams .
There are two common ways of defining sequence of inter -related classes in the class diagram and sequence diagram or a collaboration diagram . The first , by creating a sequence diagram or a collaboration diagram first . Then proceeded to create the class diagram . In contrast , the second , is to find classes and create class diagrams first, then use a stretcher classes as " Dictionary " objects and their relationships to create a sequence diagram or a collaboration diagram .
Elements-elements relevant in modeling UML class diagram consists of: classes, class structure, the nature of class (class behavior), association / union (association), collection / unity (aggregation), dependency (dependency), derivatives relations, diversity and navigation indicators, and role name (role / task name).
In the design of a system, a number of classes are identified and grouped together in a class diagram which helps to determine the static relations between those objects. With detailed modelling, the classes of the conceptual design are often split into a number of subclasses.
In order to further describe the behaviour of systems, these class diagrams can be complemented by state diagram or UML state machine.[2]
In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among objects.

Use Case Diagram

Use Case Definition

Use-case diagram is a diagram of the UML model is used to describe the functional requirement expected of a system. Use-case diagrams insists on the "who" is doing "what" in the environment of the system software will be built. Use-case diagrams actually consists of two major parts; the first is a use case diagram (use case dependencies including images) and use case description.

Use-case diagram is a graphical representation of some or all of the actor, the use-case, and the interactions among these components that introduce a system that will be built. Use-case diagrams describe the benefits of a system when viewed according to the views of people who are outside the system. This Diagram shows the functionality of a system or class and how these systems interact with the outside world.

Use-case diagrams can be used during the analysis process to capture system and the requirement to understand how the system is supposed to work. During the design phase, the use-case diagram acts to set behavior (behavior) when the system is implemented. In a model there may be one or more of the use-case diagram. Needs or requirements system is what functionality should be provided by the system are then documented in the use-case model which describes the expected system functions (use-case), and surrounds them (actor), as well as the relationship between actor and use-case (use-case diagram) itself.

● Use case class used to model and stating the unit functions/services provided by the system (or system parts: subsystems or classes) to the wearer.

● Use case can be covered with limits on a system that is labeled name system.

● Use case is something that provides measurable results to users or external systems.

Characteristics:

– Use cases is the interaction or dialogue between system and actor, including the exchange of messages and the actions taken by the system.

– Use cases initiated by the actor and the role may involve other actors. Use cases should provide a minimum of one actor.

– Use cases could have an extension which defines special measures in interaction or another use case may be inserted.

– Use case class has an object called use case scenarios. The scenario stated order message and a single action.

Here's how to draw a use-case diagram:

Note:

Before making the use-case diagram, we recommend that you start with making the FDD first. This is just to help identify the processes in the system.

1) Begin by registering an actor associated with the Use-case, as both the sender and the receiver.

2) component in the use-case diagram is the Use-case Descriptions, Use-case and actors participating and its role.

3) Discover the semantic relationships demonstrate dependency between two Use-case. If the Use-case "A" changes can result in a Use-case "B" will be changed anyway.

There are 2 kinds of dependency to note that include and extend.

Dependency include:

A Use-case can include updating the functionality of Use-case to another as part of the process in itself. In general it is assumed that the Use-case that you include will be called every time the Use-case is to include executed normally. A Use-case can include by more than one Use-case, so that duplication of functionality can be avoided by means of pulling out common functionality.

Use case is a set of/description of a group of intertwined and form a system of regularly conducted or supervised by an actor. Use case was used to create tingkah-laku objects/things in a model as well as in never achieved by a collaboration. General use case is described with an ellipse with a solid line, typically contains the name.Use case illustrates the process system (system requirements from the user's point of view).

In general use case is:

System behavior patterns:

-Order related transactions are performed by a single actor

Use case diagram consists of:

-Use case

-Actors

-Relationship

-System boundary boxes (optional)

-Packages (optional)

A use case diagram at its simplest is a representation of a user's interaction with the system and depicting the specifications of a use case. A use case diagram can portray the different types of users of a system and the various ways that they interact with the system. This type of diagram is typically used in conjunction with the textual use case and will often be accompanied by other types of diagrams as well.

Use case above there are 2 actors i.e. User and admin. The User can make changes to the profile, modify the template, can do a post and can also reply to comments from the visitors. However, the User must first Login using your email and password that have been listed on the blog. In the profile, the User can change the profile or create a new profile. In the settings of the template, the user can change the templates or add new templates. The User can also make new postings or postings that have been changed in the previous post. In the blog, there is the comment from the visitor, User can reply to the comment or delete comment previously.

Why? Indonesia Should Invest in International Education

The Institute of International Education’s affiliate in state, the Indonesian International Education Foundation (IIEF), hosted a seminar in capital of Indonesia entitled, "Why state ought to Invest in International Education," on Valentine Day, 2012.

The goals of the seminar were to interact key stakeholders (government, education establishments, investors, NGO/philanthropic organizations, etc.) in an exceedingly dialogue on the role of international education in building national aggressiveness and making ready tomorrow’s manpower. 

IIE's Diana Kartika Jahja, Director of IIEF, opened the seminar by acknowledging however international experiences will empower students to create a distinction in their communities. to boot, a brand new program, “Program to extend Indonesian Student aggressiveness,” and a brand new emblem of IIEF were conjointly launched within the seminar. Ir. Harris Iskandar, Ph.D., the Secretary of The board of directors General of upper Education, highlighted however state education regulation has supported international education through numerous scholarship programs particularly for graduate programs BAPPENAS and DIKTI scholarships.

Speakers enclosed Dr. Allan E. Goodman, President and corporate executive of the Institute of International Education (IIE); Dipl. Ing. Shanti L. Poesposoetjipto, Chairman of Pt. Samudera state, Tbk and PT. Asuransi Bintang, Tbk and corporate executive of Pt. Ngrumat Bondo Utomo and Pt. Samudera state Tangguh, Jakarta; and Ir. Yahya R. Hidayat, M.Sc., Ph.D., Head, Center for Planners Development, Education and coaching, The State Ministry of National Development coming up with/National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS). Ahmad Fuadi, Author of Negeri five Menara – a popular book that may be tailored into a motion-picture show, Journalist, and senator alumn, served because the moderator of the event. Mr. Fuadi noted that 3 out of six Indonesian presidents have studied overseas. additionally, fifty % of the present cupboard member were overseas graduates. These facts induced many questions: however will we outline international education? what's international? however ought to state invest in international education?

Ms. Poesposoetjipto touched on the importance of education in manufacturing future leaders in state, and on the ways in which within which corporations area unit growing more and more world and virtual. Ms. Poesposoetjipto known as attention to programs from the Indonesian Government that improve academic standards in remote areas of the country and foster academic development in urban areas, however she conjointly emphasised the importance of securing the collaboration of the non-public sector in supporting governmental programs in education.

Dr. clarinetist highlighted the seminar’s theme by narration a dinner he had shared recently with many senator students. At the dinner, they mentioned however these students have navigated the various cultures, peoples, and religions in state. Dr. clarinetist then delineated  3 primary reasons for why state ought to invest in international education. above all, he declared that through international education Indonesians can gain mutual affection, be able to support and perceive different peoples and cultures outside of the schoolroom, and convey back graduates UN agency are going to be able to develop their community, surroundings, people, and government.

Mr. Hidayat, the pinnacle of the National Development coming up with Agency (BAPPENAS), spoke concerning the importance of building human capability within the country, particularly through the Indonesian goverment. Previously, English capability had been a serious obstacle not just for students hoping to review internationally however conjointly for those in domestic universities. To alleviate this downside et al., BAPPENAS currently offers several domestic and international scholarship programs at the scholar and graduate levels. the first aim of those programs is to reinforce the Indonesian government equipment to become skilled.

While education is incredibly vital from the non-public sector’s purpose of read, it's still uncommon for several staff to pursue a doctor's degree. Therefore, a private-public partnership is required to involve the govt. as a supplier of overseas study opportunities, and conjointly to involve corporations in providing bigger analysis experiences for his or her staff, which can result in the next companies’ development.

During the conference, there have been considerations raised concerning however Indonesian students would re-adapt to their home country when coming back from overseas. Previously, establishments had few return programs for his or her employees members UN agency were coming back from their overseas study. however currently BAPPENAS includes a new program for staten students to use their data in Indonesia. This institutional initiative known as HDP (Human Development Plan) ensures that establishments develop career plans for his or her domestic and overseas students. this can be can result in what Dr. clarinetist termed “brain gain,” which can change returning students to share and apply their data in their home country.

Internationalization is very important within the development of state. we'd like to still prepare Indonesian students to be competitive within the world arena and make sure the property of competitive advantage.


Ref: http://www.iief.or.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=147%3Awhy-indonesia-should-invest-in-international-education&catid=1%3Anews&Itemid=338&lang=en

Indonesia’s education system is one in all the worst within the world :(

Indonesia has the fourth largest education system within the world nevertheless during a landmark education report of fifty nations Indonesia|Dutch East Indies|country|state|land} graded last.  For a rustic that has been experiencing a stable five to six % annual economic process rate and is classed as a middle financial gain country by the planet Bank, it's unhappy that it’s education system and therefore it’s youth aren't benefitting.

So why did it rank thus poorly?

The answer, as is usually the case with developing countries still finding their feet as a democracy, seems to be corruption.  Even a lot of tragic.  The funding is there however it finally ends up within the pockets of corrupt civil servants and not in lecture rooms.

East 101′s recent investigation highlighted some stunning facts regarding the Indonesian education system including:

 solely a 3rd of Indonesian students – during a country wherever fifty seven million attend faculty – complete basic schooling.
    Education consultants say but 1/2 the country’s lecturers possess even the minimum qualifications to show properly and teacher absence hovers at around twenty %. several lecturers within the public establishment work outside of the room to boost their incomes.
    Indonesian Corruption Watch claims there square measure only a few faculties within the country that square measure clean of graft, graft or peculation – with forty % of their budget siphoned off before it reaches the room.

One of the Indonesian government’s responses to those findings has been to reconstitute the Indonesian information, as well as suspending teaching science, earth science and ENGLISH till students attend lycee.  For a nation economically prosperous, geographically set during a region that appears set to be at the forefront of world economic science and politics it looks a bemusing option to create.

Moreover the Indonesian education system doesn't encourage freelance, inventive thought however focusses a lot of on learning by committal to memory.  Discipline is strict, commendation very little and plenty of students square measure expelled for what within the western world we'd take into account slight misbehavior.

The future success of communities and therefore nations depends on today’s youth and also the education they access. obscurity is education a lot of vital than within the world’s poorest communities.

The education system in situ within the Mentawais is defined by several of the higher than facts. usually faculties square measure closed as there are not any lecturers to show.  Materials and instrumentality square measure lacking or at the best basic.  Books few and much between.   Technology non-existent. lecturers poorly quailfied.

At a Liquid Future we have a tendency to square measure operating laborious to alter that.  A communications tower is being place in at a close-by city which can give net access.  With cash from forthcoming fundraisers we have a tendency to hope to place in an online affiliation and supply 2 computers to use as teaching resources and a wage for native|an area|a neighborhood} teacher United Nations agency is keen to be an area of the programme and embody local Mentawai culture in his categories.

Providing the youth of Katiet and also the close villages with access to information and data can empower them to play a job within the several changes their space goes to envision over the approaching years.  The native Mentawai government has already blue-printed intensive components of the beach space here for traveler development. it might be a win-win scenario for the area people, tourists and also the setting if the forthcoming native generation square measure aware, knowledgeable leaders ready to be an area of it.


Ref: http://www.aliquidfuture.com/indonesias-education-system-is-one-of-the-worst-in-the-world-according-to-a-recent-report/

Accountancy in Life.

Accounting has been referred to as "language of business". it's the language utilized to speak monetary data of a priority to varied parties like shareholders, creditors, investors, employees, government, analysis students, consumers, and managers etc., United Nations agency have an interest in such data Accounting's five hundred year exceptional sturdiness is being severely tested by the New Economy, characterised by the quick pace of technological modification and also the sequent accrued uncertainty, the substitution of intangible for tangible assets because the major drivers useful, and also the blurring of the boundaries between the firm and its customers, suppliers and even competitors.   Accounting principles are often applicable within the mercantilism issues like sole mercantilism partnership corporations, companies, non-profit-trading issues, clubs, instructional establishments, agricultural farms, management and even households, students, employers and folks.

Origin of Accounting

Many people have the opinion that accounting has been developed in recent years. however from the puranas we tend to see that Chitragupta maintains accounts for qualities and vices.  In past days if we tend to see the kingdoms, in every Kingdom there was monetary minister United Nations agency accustomed take care of the monetary matters like money transactions, taxes collectable by folks to king etc.  If we tend to return to grasp regarding the chapter "The business of keeping of Accounts within the workplace of Accounts" from the book named "Arthashastra" written by Kautilya, Minister of king Chandragupta, it becomes clear that accounting was practiced in Asian country Twenty-Three centuries back.

However, this structure of accounting supported the principles of double-entry bookkeeping system owes its cause to Luco Pacioli, United Nations agency 1st revealed the principles of double-entry bookkeeping system in 1494 at Venezia in Italian Republic.

Definition

A discriminatory committees on language projected in 1941 that Accounting be outlined as "the art of recording, classifying, summarizing during a important manner and in terms of cash transactions and events that ar partly, a minimum of of monetary character and decoding the results there of".

In accounting we tend to should record the dealings within the books.  A system of recording transactions of a business man in his account books is named book keeping.

Double Entry System

The best famed system of book keeping that permits a dealer to realize his objectives is named Double-Entry system. it's referred to as double-entry system as a result of it's supported basic principle that no deal will get place while not concerning a minimum of 2 parties or 2 aspects or 2 accounts. the essential principle of double-entry bookkeeping system is that for each debit there should be a corresponding double-entry system as a result of it's supported basic principle that no dealing will happen while not regarding a minimum of 2 parties or 2 aspects or 2 accounts.

The Nature and Purpose of Accounting:

The present system of accounting occupies a significant position in today's business.  With the assistance of accounting, manager or owner will take uncounted vital choices and build right choices at right time that is essential to success. house owners will apprehend whether or not they have created profitable investment. the value bourgeois will savvy to manage the value of production.  Government will get date for tax and license purpose. therefore accounts can give data to each person concerning the actual concern.

Application of Accounts in numerous fields:

Now that we tend to board era of accounting, we'll see however this accounting is beneficial for every concern or individual.

1. mercantilism Concerns:

Accounting is beneficial for the mercantilism issues like sole mercantilism issues, partnership corporations, Joint stock firms etc.  The issues enter each day transactions in journal correct, later half into ledger accounts.  At the top of the year they'll prepare mercantilism account, profit and loss Account and record.  Profit & Loss Account shows what proportion profit or loss they got. record shows the monetary position of the priority.

With economical Accounting the manager will get prompt Answers to such queries as what's profit made? what proportion quantity owed to creditor? what's our money position today? what's the value of a unit of product? what proportion cash we've to receive from the debtors? what proportion cash we tend to return to creditors?  Etc,

If the priority gets the losses, {they can|they're going to|they'll} determine the explanations and next time will try and rectify the defects.

Non-trading concerns:

The clubs, societies and most associations ar shaped for the utilization of advantage of members, not for the aim of mercantilism. the most financial gain of the organization comes kind subscriptions and donations, and wherever there's surplus over expenditure, it's used for the advantage of the club of for well being of its members.

In this concern financial gain and Expenditure account are ready. the most purpose of preparation of this financial gain and expenditure is to grasp what the full financial gain of the priority is. however it came and also the manner during which it's been spent.

Agricultural farm:

India is associate agricultural country, wherever eightieth of individuals rely on agriculture.  For paying farm management correct accounting principles ar to be followed by the farmers, which is able to be wroth and valuable data to them.  These ar the number of capital endowed for buying of land and different assets necessary for agriculture, interest for the acquisition of land and different assets, labor and supervising charges, yield per acre, transportation charges etc,.

Government:

Accounting can facilitate the govt. within the budgeting and designing.  Government can see what proportion total quantity is out there from the assorted sources like direct and indirect taxes from corporations, public etc and the way to portion this financial gain for the event of varied sectors like Agriculture.  Industry, Education, Backward categories per priority, if the money isn't ample the govt. can borrow from the banks, or compass by issue National Saving Certificates, by tantalising public Deposits etc.

Accounting additionally plays important role within the economic development of developing nations like Asian country by providing correct, actual and timely accounting date data for his or her future designing, reconstruction of their backward economy with the economic development, means that per capital financial gain of the society is raised and also the levels of economic and welfare of the population in developing countries is additionally ready, with the assembly of products and services on giant scale with lower price of accounting. this can be potential solely with the assistance of correct accounting.

House holds:

Accounting are useful for the house woman for designing and higher cognitive process. 1st we will divide the full financial gain into numerous elements as house hold expenditure, education of youngsters, savings, and for medical facilities etc, in menage expenditure once more she should see the things that ar necessary and that aren't necessary.  Next month she will be able to decrease the number on the things that aren't necessary. therefore with the assistance of accounts she will be able to pay cash during a additional economical manner and may avoid wastage.

Employees and Employers:

Accounting can facilitate the workers to try to to justice for his or her job. they need to see whether or not pay received per day is up to the work they're giving per day. it's additionally duty of the management to visualize that the pay they're paying is up to the work they're receiving.  If each staff and Employers get during a right methodology then there's no span of strikes or lockouts within the concern and also the production are accrued.

Conclusion:

Accountancy is useful for mercantilism issues, non-trading issues, and government and normally, to Households, students, employers, employees, to each one. we will apply accounting principles in every and each sphere of our lives.  Before raiseing the question what the country has in deep trouble me? one and all should ask himself what he has in deep trouble the country because the accounting standard.  Then, every and each person can work effortlessly for the prosperity of the country in Accounting era..  The established accounting illustration recognizing primarily tangibles as assets, dealing unsymmetrically with uncertainty (recognizing expected losses however ignoring expected gains), and that specialize in legally-based transactions whereas abstracting from several value-changing events wasn't designed to traumatize the new economic surroundings, and so not serves necessary managers' and investors' wants. Stress signs ar only too visible.


Ref: http://www.indianmba.com/Faculty_Column/FC677/fc677.html

Bad Education

The edu­ca­tional turn is a well-documented trend in con­tem­po­rary art as evi­denced by the pro­lif­er­a­tion, in the past 10 years, of artist-run schools and ped­a­gogy projects, such as work­shops, lec­tures, and dis­cus­sion groups. More than just bor­row­ing edu­ca­tional forms, artists are also adopt­ing processes and method­olo­gies that ped­a­gog­i­cal frame­works offer, such as col­lab­o­ra­tive dia­logues, action research, and expe­ri­en­tial learning.

Though artists and edu­ca­tors may over­lap in process, there are dif­fer­ent cri­te­ria, expec­ta­tions, and out­comes for projects that are invested in the world of art, and projects that are invested in the world of edu­ca­tion. Is it pos­si­ble that a good art­work amounts to a bad edu­ca­tion? What are the expec­ta­tions of each field, whose cri­te­ria will we use to eval­u­ate these projects, and where is there convergence?

Helen Reed met Pablo Helguera at the MoMA Staff Café, in New York to chat about some of the cur­rent inter­sec­tions between art and edu­ca­tion. Helguera has worked between these fields for over 20 years. He observes, in his pub­li­ca­tion Edu­ca­tion For Socially Engaged Art that “edu­ca­tion today is fueled by pro­gres­sive ideas, rang­ing from crit­i­cal ped­a­gogy and inquiry based learn­ing to the explo­ration of cre­ativ­ity in early child­hood. For this rea­son it is impor­tant to under­stand the exist­ing struc­tures of edu­ca­tion and to learn how to inno­vate within them. To offer a cri­tique, for exam­ple, the old-fashioned board­ing school sys­tem of mem­o­riza­tion today would be equiv­a­lent, in the art world, to mount­ing a fierce attack on a nineteenth-century art move­ment.”[i] With this acknowl­edge­ment in mind – of the blind spots between dis­ci­plines – we dis­cussed the rela­tion­ship between pre­sen­ta­tion and mak­ing, learn­ing out­comes ver­sus abstract edu­ca­tion, and how to be rev­o­lu­tion­ary and at the same time institutional.

Helen Reed: As a place to start, I want to refer to the intro­duc­tion of Edu­ca­tion for Socially Engaged Art. You men­tioned that you came to art and edu­ca­tion simul­ta­ne­ously, and that con­se­quently you noticed many sim­i­lar­i­ties between the two fields. Can you describe the kinds of crossovers that you noticed, and how these par­al­lels influ­enced your practice?

Pablo Helguera: I was at the School of the Art Insti­tute of Chicago, which hap­pens to be a school and a museum. It’s an insti­tu­tion that is con­nected by a bridge, between the school and the museum. Imme­di­ately, I was exposed to a rela­tion­ship with art that was between pre­sen­ta­tion and mak­ing. I was broke as a stu­dent and I started work­ing at the museum, first as part of a paid intern­ship. I would cross the bridge all the time, between one place and the other. I would be in my dirty paint­ing clothes in the class­room then I would get very preppy to go into the other envi­ron­ment. I did not think any­thing about being in the edu­ca­tion depart­ment, but I just hap­pened to grav­i­tate there because I was bilin­gual and because they needed peo­ple for out­reach, etc. I made sense there. So it’s not some­thing that I par­tic­u­larly chose.

But the moment I started to real­ize that teach­ing is very much con­nected to per­form­ing then I started notic­ing points at which things started to con­nect. When I grad­u­ated from school I was already doing per­for­ma­tive lec­tures and the like. I started becom­ing inter­ested in what became known as Insti­tu­tional Cri­tique, artists who were appro­pri­at­ing the modes of dis­play within muse­ums. So I was doing a lot of that in the early 90s. I became very inter­ested in fic­tion and the whole idea that you, as an artist, can con­struct this envi­ron­ment that really ques­tions the limit of what you con­sider real­ity. Muse­ums become par­tic­u­larly attrac­tive when you are inter­ested in fic­tion. That is what a lot of Insti­tu­tional Cri­tique artists do, mod­i­fy­ing cer­tain aspects of the inte­rior of the space, which all of a sud­den make you real­ize that there is some­thing else going on. In doing so, you are alter­ing the pro­to­cols, the reg­u­lar expec­ta­tions. So I started doing that, but I still didn’t see a direct con­nec­tion to edu­ca­tion for a while. But even­tu­ally I real­ized that the best thing I can do is to bring what I’m learn­ing from the envi­ron­ment of the insti­tu­tion into my own work. And I started cre­at­ing fic­tional muse­ums, fic­tional artists, and those fic­tional artists started hav­ing biogra­phies and bod­ies of work and inter­pre­tive mate­ri­als. I was much more inter­ested in the periph­eral com­po­nents of an art­work than the art work itself.

I remem­ber once, in Port­land, I did a piece at a Uni­ver­sity that was called Mock Tur­tle. There was a whole exhi­bi­tion around an object that nobody could see, but there were hun­dreds of labels and inter­pre­tive mate­ri­als around this object. Sup­pos­edly it’s a tur­tle that you can see inside a box, but you can’t really see it. It’s this idea of how the object is basi­cally unnec­es­sary; it’s really more the sto­ries around the object and how the con­tex­tual frame­work, the inter­pre­tive frame­work of the object is what really mat­ters in the end, and that this is what really influ­ences our per­cep­tion of it.

By that time, Rela­tional Aes­thet­ics was in vogue. Artists were out there doing projects that were based on cre­at­ing inter­sub­jec­tive rela­tion­ships. But I became sus­pi­cious of the qual­ity of those exchanges. I remem­ber I was work­ing at the Guggen­heim, see­ing artists like Rirkrit Tira­vanija pre­sent­ing projects. And I remem­ber, for exam­ple, once, Rirkrit say­ing he wanted to do a project that used a gallery for children’s activ­i­ties. I remem­ber the cura­tor call­ing us in the edu­ca­tion depart­ment and being like “Quick, quick we have to come up with kids and bring them to the gallery to do activ­i­ties with them.” Noth­ing against Rirkrit, but I felt that the whole project was so hap­haz­ard and so arti­fi­cial. Because really, we are pre­tend­ing that we are doing edu­ca­tion here, that we were cre­at­ing a great expe­ri­ence for these kids. I have no idea what ended up hap­pen­ing with the project. But those were the kind of expe­ri­ences that made me sud­denly real­ize: isn’t it inter­est­ing that I’m here, a mere edu­ca­tor, like many other edu­ca­tors who actu­ally know very well how to pro­duce these expe­ri­ences, that’s our exper­tise; and yet we have absolutely no power over this cer­tain sit­u­a­tion where peo­ple, who know absolutely noth­ing about these audi­ences, decide they want to do an edu­ca­tional expe­ri­ence for them in the guise of an art­work, which has to hap­pen promptly and effi­ciently. And the action will likely be cov­ered by art mag­a­zines; by peo­ple who know absolutely noth­ing about these audi­ences, and then they will most likely be con­vinced that some­thing really great hap­pened. While those, who sup­pos­edly the activ­ity was cre­ated for, most likely were hur­ried into a sit­u­a­tion self-proclaimed as edu­ca­tional and per­haps manip­u­lated into being pho­tographed as part of the documentation.

This is a very com­mon ten­dency of muse­ums that dates back to the 80s when insti­tu­tions were try­ing to do mul­ti­cul­tural inclu­sion in gal­leries. So you would bring a bunch of kids from the low income neigh­bor­hoods, give them a T-shirt from the museum and stand them in front of the steps of the museum, and then show the photo to the fun­ders. What­ever they do there, what­ever expe­ri­ence they have there doesn’t really mat­ter, what really mat­ters is that those kids of color are in front of the gates of the museum. Those are the kind of expe­ri­ences that made me real­ize that I don’t want to make that kind of “rela­tional” art. I don’t want to make art that’s about say­ing that I did some­thing. I want to make art that does some­thing. I don’t always care whether peo­ple under­stand or not that I am doing it, but I want to know for my own sake that what I did had that impulse.

Global Education

Belize Education Statistics
In Belize only two of five high school age children are enrolled in secondary school.(Ministry of Education,Belize)

Only 40 percent of children who graduate from primary school take admission to secondary school.(Ministry of Education, Belize)

Many children drop out of school at age 14.( Belize Government Study)

College admission is low due to low income and lack of scholarship funding.(Ministry of Education, Belize)

Global Education Facts

Based on enrollment data, about 72 million children of primary school age in the developing world were not in school in 2005; 57 per cent of them were girls. And these are regarded as optimistic numbers.(Millennium Development Goals Report 2007)

Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names.(The State of the World’s Children, 1999, UNICEF)

Less than one per cent of what the world spent every year on weapons was needed to put every child into school by the year 2000 and yet it didn’t happen.(State of the World, Issue 287 – Feb 1997, New Internationalist)

Children out of education worldwide
121 million

“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”.

Nelson Mandela